Masks and respirators

When correctly and consistently worn, face masks are extremely effective in reducing spread of airborne diseases.^{Footnote 157} Expert consensus finds that masks combine high benefit with low life-cycle cost and low energy/carbon impact compared to other airborne illness protections.^{Footnote 158} Masks are effective at addressing both close-range and long-range transmission, compared to air cleaning, which is generally designed for longer distances.^{Footnote 159}

High-filtration masks (known as respirators) can protect against many different illnesses, as well as wildfire smoke, dust, pollen, mould, and other airborne hazards.^{Footnote 160} They are particularly important in higher-risk circumstances (e.g., travel, wildfires, crowded indoor locations, healthcare settings, working with hazardous substances, when someone is sick or might be sick).^{Footnote 161}

Types of masks

The effectiveness of a mask depends on its fit, filtering ability, and function. Common types of masks include:

Note: A face shield is not a substitute for a mask, due to the large gaps.^{Footnote 166} Masks with exhalation valves protect the wearer, but don't protect others from the wearer's germs.^{Footnote 167}

Mask policies

Many people wear masks in daily life,^{Footnote 168} but if workers are exposed to airborne hazards in the workplace, providing respiratory protection may also be required by law.^{Footnote 169} In addition to these legal requirements, the Public Health Agency of Canada recommends wearing respirator masks during wildfire events,^{Footnote 170} and providing masks in all community settings.^{Footnote 171} Health Canada recommends that to reduce infectious illnesses, organizations consider “policies that require or strongly recommend people to wear a well-fitting N-95 or KN-95 respirator mask in indoor public settings.”^{Footnote 172}

Masks can be used whether or not they are required by a public health order.^{Footnote 173} Research shows that policies requiring masks are more effective than optional usage,^{Footnote 174} and can benefit the economy by reducing disruptive closures and lockdowns.^{Footnote 175} Many disability justice advocates and access-centred organizations use respirator masks as a form of community care,^{Footnote 176} while statements from BC’s Human Rights Commissioner highlight that a lack of consistent mask requirements for COVID-19 disproportionately harms marginalized groups.^{Footnote 177}

“Masks are most effective when worn not only by those who are [more] vulnerable to the virus but also by those who may be spreading it. Making masks optional . . . [leaves] vulnerable people with the responsibility to advocate to others for their rights and their health. This is an unjust and unnecessary burden to place on those who already bear the burden of increased risk.”

• Kasari Govender, BC Human Rights Commissioner

Accommodations and practical considerations

Not every activity supports mask-wearing, and not everyone can wear a mask.^{Footnote 178} All mask policies must include reasonable accommodations (without compromising safety), and wherever possible, masks should be combined with other layers of protection.

* Note: Not all approaches may be approved for use in a formal workplace respiratory protection program; consult provincial/territorial regulations accordingly.